However, this heat treatment greatly reduces bioactive components of human milk, and immunological proteins are only partially preserved during this process. Bottles of human milk are heated in a water bath and held at 62.5☌ for 30 minutes. Holder pasteurization is a low-temperature long-time (LTLT) heat treatment widely used in milk banks. Donor human milk is pasteurized to prevent the potential risk for the transmission of pathogens from donor mothers to preterm infants. ĭonor human milk is the best alternative for preterm infants when mothers’ own milk is not available. Although sIgA has no known antimicrobial activity in isolation it enhances the antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin. Therefore, its immunological function remains active and supplements the infant’s immune system. sIgA is highly resistant to the proteolytic activity of the digestive enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract. Secretory IgA (sIgA) is an antibody, which is secreted specifically in response to the pathogens that the mother and infant are exposed to. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but it suggests that lactoferrin alters the gram-negative outer cell membrane, enabling lysozyme to break down the inner membrane of the bacteria. While lysozyme alone is bacteriostatic, an in vitro study showed that in presence of lactoferrin it is also bactericidal and can kill several gram-negative bacteria. aureus by catalyzing the hydrolysis of specific bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Lysozyme lyses the cell walls of most gram-positive bacteria such as S. coli and therefore inhibits their growth, as well as disrupting the bacterial cell membrane by binding to the lipid-A portion of lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that reduces the availability of free iron required by iron-dependent pathogens such as E. The bacteriostatic properties of human milk are often attributed to the immunological proteins including lactoferrin, lysozyme and sIgA. Human milk inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida sp. This does not alter the authors adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The experimental set-up for this study was filed for a Australian provisional patent application with the titel ‘‘Apparatus and Methods for Pasteurization of Human Milk’’, Aplication No 2012905577, filing date 18 December 2012, applicant is Carag AG, Bahnhofstrasse 9, Baar, Switzerland. Additionally, Lukas Christen receives a postgraduate scholarship from Carag AG, Baar, Switzerland. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have read the journals policy and have the following conflicts: Funding for this study was provided by an unrestricted research grant from Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Funding for this study was provided by an unrestricted research grant from Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland breastfeeding.html?force. Received: SeptemAccepted: DecemPublished: December 23, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Christen et al. PLoS ONE 8(12):Įditor: Riccardo Manganelli, University of Padova, Medical School, Italy Citation: Christen L, Lai CT, Hartmann B, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT (2013) The Effect of UV-C Pasteurization on Bacteriostatic Properties and Immunological Proteins of Donor Human Milk.
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